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<title>War of Devolution</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">War of Devolution</span></span>

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</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">War of Devolution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the wars of <a href="Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br>Louis XIV visiting a trench during the war</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>24 May 1667 – 2 May 1668</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Franche-Comté</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">

<a href="Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1668)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br>changes</th><td>

<a href="Armenti%C3%A8res" title="Armentières">Armentières</a>, <a href="Bergues" title="Bergues">Bergues</a>, <a href="Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>, <a href="Kortrijk" title="Kortrijk">Kortrijk</a>, <a href="Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a>, <a href="Veurne" title="Veurne">Veurne</a>, <a href="Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="Oudenaarde" title="Oudenaarde">Oudenaarde</a> and <a href="Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> to France</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a></span></span> <a href="Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><hr><b><a href="Triple_Alliance_(1668)" title="Triple Alliance (1668)">Triple Alliance</a></b><br><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a><br><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Swedish_Empire" title="yes"></a></span></span> <a href="Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"></a></span></span> <a href="Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"></a></span></span> <a href="Henri_de_La_Tour_d'Auvergne%2C_Viscount_of_Turenne" title="Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne">Turenne</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"></a></span></span> <a href="Antoine_d'Aumont%2C_1st_Duke_of_Aumont" title="Antoine d'Aumont, 1st Duke of Aumont">Duc d'Aumont</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"></a></span></span> <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Cr%C3%A9quy" title="François de Créquy">de Créquy</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"></a></span></span> <a href="Louis%2C_Grand_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis, Grand Condé">Prince de Condé</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"></a></span></span> <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_de_Montmorency%2C_duc_de_Luxembourg" title="François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a></span></span> <a href="Francisco_de_Moura_Corte_Real%2C_3rd_Marquis_of_Castelo_Rodrigo" title="Francisco de Moura Corte Real, 3rd Marquis of Castelo Rodrigo">Castelo Rodrigo</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a></span></span> <a href="John_Gaspar_Ferdinand_de_Marchin%2C_Comte_de_Granville" title="John Gaspar Ferdinand de Marchin, Comte de Granville">De Marchin</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a></span></span> <a href="Philippe_Spinola" title="Philippe Spinola">Du Bruay</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a></span></span> De Yenne</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a></span></span> Saint Martin</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

30,000 <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201938_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201938-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

2,000-4,500</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

2,000–3,000 <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter200846_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter200846-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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<ul><li>Charleroi</li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Tournai_(1667)" title="Siege of Tournai (1667)">Tournai</a></li>

<li>Douai</li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Lille_(1667)" title="Siege of Lille (1667)">Lille</a></li>

<li>Dendermonde</li>

<li>Jodoigne</li>

<li>Minot</li></ul>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Spanish_wars5155" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Franco-Spanish_wars5155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Franco-Spanish wars</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Medieval Iberian Kingdoms</dt></dl>

<li><a href="War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a>

<li><a href="Hundred_Years'_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>

<dl><dt>Modern Spain</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>

<li><a href="French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>

<li><a href="Thirty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty Years War">Thirty Years War</a>

<li><a href="French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a>

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<p>The <b>War of Devolution</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took place from May 1667 to May 1668. In the course of the war, <a href="Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> occupied large parts of the <a href="Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> and <a href="County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Franche-Comté</a>, both then provinces of the <a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> ruled by <a href="Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>. Its name derives from an obscure law known as the <i>Jus Devolutionis</i>, used by <a href="Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> to claim that these territories had "devolved" to him by right of marriage to <a href="Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa of Spain</a>.

</p><p>The French encountered minimal resistance, but Louis returned much of their gains in the May 1668 <a href="Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1668)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>. The terms were agreed by <a href="Emperor_Leopold_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Leopold I">Emperor Leopold I</a> in January 1668, reinforced by the <a href="Triple_Alliance_(1668)" title="Triple Alliance (1668)">Triple Alliance</a> of <a href="Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> and the <a href="Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.

</p><p>The French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands marked the end of the long-standing Franco-Dutch alliance, and was the first of Louis XIV's wars of expansion that dominated <a href="Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> for the last decades of the 17th century.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>As part of the 1659 <a href="Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a> that ended the <a href="Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War</a>, <a href="Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France married <a href="Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa</a>, eldest daughter of <a href="Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a>. Despite being weakened by almost a century of continuous warfare, the <a href="Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> included possessions in <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, the <a href="History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Philippines</a> and the <a href="Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, and though no longer the dominant <a href="Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>, remained largely intact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorrs20066–7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorrs20066–7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent its acquisition by <a href="Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, Maria Theresa renounced her inheritance rights; in return, Louis was promised a dowry of 500,000 gold <a href="%C3%89cu" title="Écu">écus</a>, a huge sum that was never paid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf1968117_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1968117-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When <a href="Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a> died in 1661, Louis took control of the state and initiated an expansionist policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn19966_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn19966-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Finance Minister <a href="Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a> argued control of the <a href="Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> was essential to French economic growth, which implied conflict with <a href="Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="Emperor_Leopold_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Leopold I">Emperor Leopold I</a> and the <a href="Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, a long-term French ally. The 1648 <a href="Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Peace of Münster</a> confirmed Dutch independence and gave <a href="Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> control of trade through North-West Europe, by permanently closing the <a href="Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> estuary. Retaining this monopoly was a Dutch priority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1990197–199_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1990197–199-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>By 1663, Louis concluded that the <a href="States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> would never voluntarily agree to his demands and began plans to seize the Spanish Netherlands, although negotiations continued to avoid raising suspicions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowen19543_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowen19543-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As required by the 1662 Franco-Dutch Treaty of Paris, France entered the <a href="Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> in July 1665, providing an excuse for its military build up; Louis also calculated that this would make it harder for the Dutch to oppose him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896298_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896298-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip's death in September left his four-year-old son <a href="Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles</a> as king, and his widow <a href="Mariana_of_Austria" title="Mariana of Austria">Mariana of Austria</a> as regent. If Charles died, Leopold would inherit the Spanish Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyl1936311–312_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyl1936311–312-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>French lawyers argued that as the dowry remained unpaid, Maria Theresa's renunciation was invalid, and her rights "devolved" to Louis under the <i>Jus Devolutionis</i>, an obscure law restricting inheritance to children from a first marriage. On this basis, he claimed most of the Spanish Netherlands, including <a href="Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a> and <a href="Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Limburg</a>, the towns of <a href="Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>, Antwerp and <a href="Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>, <a href="Upper_Guelders" title="Upper Guelders">Upper Guelders</a>, the counties of <a href="County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">Namur</a>, <a href="County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">Artois</a> and <a href="County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a>, and related possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf1962316_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1962316-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold and Mariana dismissed this claim, as the law applied only in Brabant, Namur and Hainault and concerned private property, not feudal rights; however, this gave Louis a legal justification for his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh197333–34_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh197333–34-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Aware of French intentions, Mariana's government sought to end the <a href="Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a>, agree to an alliance with England, and break the Franco-Dutch relationship. Louis countered with the 1667 <a href="Treaty_of_Lisbon_(1667)" title="Treaty of Lisbon (1667)">Treaty of Lisbon</a>, a ten-year alliance with Portugal, and paid potential opponents like <a href="Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> to remain neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn199636_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn199636-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold was occupied with the <a href="Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>, while Foreign Minister <a href="Hugues_de_Lionne" title="Hugues de Lionne">Hugues de Lionne</a> also extended the anti-Austrian <a href="League_of_the_Rhine" title="League of the Rhine">League of the Rhine</a> until 1668.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh197395–96_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh197395–96-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 8 May, every French ambassador in Europe read out a declaration, claiming Louis was taking possession of lands that rightfully belonged to him. In mid-May, talks to end the Anglo-Dutch War opened in <a href="Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a> between the Dutch Republic, <a href="Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, France and England; shortly before, <a href="Grand_Pensionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Pensionary">Grand Pensionary</a> <a href="Johan_de_Witt" title="Johan de Witt">Johan de Witt</a> of the Dutch Republic learned Louis and <a href="Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> had secretly agreed to terms in advance, increasing the pressure on the Dutch not to oppose French aims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGooskens201669_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooskens201669-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The impending war ended Spain's reluctance to accept Portuguese sovereignty; the Anglo-Spanish <a href="Treaty_of_Madrid_(1667)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1667)">Treaty of Madrid</a>, signed on 23 May, granted England substantial commercial privileges, in return for help in ending the war with Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSavelle196766–70_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSavelle196766–70-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_to_September_1667;_the_Spanish_Netherlands">May to September 1667; the Spanish Netherlands</h3></div>

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</style><div class="locmap noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.538%;left:29.787%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Oudenaarde"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Oudenaarde</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.436%;left:46.809%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Antwerp"></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Antwerp</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.154%;left:25.177%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tournai"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Tournai</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.846%;left:47.518%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Charleroi"></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Charleroi</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.872%;left:18.085%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lille"></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Lille</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.282%;left:56.738%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Namur"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Namur</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.538%;left:74.113%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Maastricht"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Maastricht</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.205%;left:53.546%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mézières"></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Mézières</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:91.026%;left:88.298%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sierck"></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Sierck</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.179%;left:22.695%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kortrijk"></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Kortrijk</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.949%;left:45.745%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brussels"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Brussels</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.487%;left:40.426%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dendermonde"></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Dendermonde</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.333%;left:39.007%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Aalst"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Aalst</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Spanish Netherlands, 1667 campaign; note modern Franco-Belgian boundary, blue lines indicate rivers</div></div></div>

<p>The Spanish Netherlands was a compact area, dominated by canals and rivers. Until the advent of railways in the 19th century, goods and supplies were largely transported by water; campaigns in this theatre focused on control of strongpoints along rivers such as the <a href="Lys_(river)" title="Lys (river)">Lys</a>, <a href="Sambre" title="Sambre">Sambre</a> and <a href="Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds199132–33_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds199132–33-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After 1659, a series of military reforms initiated by <a href="Michel_Le_Tellier" title="Michel Le Tellier">Michel Le Tellier</a> made the French army more professional, while improving its logistic support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlands2010147_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands2010147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed them to put larger numbers in the field, for longer periods; by 1667, the army had an authorised strength of 80,000, of whom 51,000 were deployed for the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1996106_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1996106-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Henri_de_La_Tour_d'Auvergne%2C_Viscount_of_Turenne" title="Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne">Turenne</a> was appointed supreme commander; his main force of 35,000 men and the artillery train were concentrated around <a href="Charleville-M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8res" title="Charleville-Mézières">Mézières</a>, on the River Meuse. Another 9,000 under <a href="Antoine_d'Aumont%2C_1st_Duke_of_Aumont" title="Antoine d'Aumont, 1st Duke of Aumont">Antoine d'Aumont</a> prepared to advance up the Lys, via <a href="Kortrijk" title="Kortrijk">Kortrijk</a> and <a href="Oudenaarde" title="Oudenaarde">Oudenaarde</a>; <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Cr%C3%A9quy" title="François de Créquy">de Créquy</a> and 6,000 light cavalry were based at <a href="Sierck-les-Bains" title="Sierck-les-Bains">Sierck-les-Bains</a>, securing their flank against an attack from Germany. Accompanied by Louis and his entourage, the French crossed the border on 24 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896299–300_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896299–300-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Aware of these preparations, Spanish governor <a href="Francisco_de_Moura_Corte_Real%2C_3rd_Marquis_of_Castelo_Rodrigo" title="Francisco de Moura Corte Real, 3rd Marquis of Castelo Rodrigo">Castelo Rodrigo</a> urgently requested additional funds from Madrid. Despite spending the enormous sum of 1.5 million <a href="Escudo" title="Escudo">escudos</a> on her daughter's wedding, Mariana managed to increase the forces available to him from 11,000 in mid 1666 to 27,000 by April 1667.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201934–36_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201934–36-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although insufficient to defend every position, the Spanish did not need to do so. Given time, it was accepted even the strongest fortifications would fall and their primary purpose was to delay, while the defenders mobilised reserves or found a diplomatic solution. Capturing towns was relatively easy, holding them far harder, since every garrison weakened the field army; over the next century, the French confronted this strategic dilemma time and again in this theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfflerbachStrachan2012159_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfflerbachStrachan2012159-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Turenne's first objective was <a href="Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>, a key Spanish supply base; Castelo Rodrigo could not hold it and withdrew to <a href="Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, first destroying its fortifications. On 2 June, <a href="Charles_de_Montsaulnin%2C_Comte_de_Montal" title="Charles de Montsaulnin, Comte de Montal">De Montal</a> was appointed French governor and given a garrison of 3,000, while <a href="Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauban">Vauban</a> began rebuilding its defences. By the end of July, Rochebaron had <a href="Siege_of_Tournai_(1667)" title="Siege of Tournai (1667)">captured Tournai</a>, Kortrijk and Oudenaarde; Turenne advanced on <a href="Dendermonde" title="Dendermonde">Dendermonde</a>, intending to take Antwerp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896301_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896301-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 31 July, peace treaties were signed at Breda (between England and each of its opponents in the Second Anglo-Dutch War) and the Dutch began discussions with England and Spain on creating a diplomatic alliance against France. At the same time, Castelo Rodrigo opened the water defences, flooding the land and bringing the French advance to a halt. Turenne withdrew and on 10 August <a href="Siege_of_Lille_(1667)" title="Siege of Lille (1667)">besieged Lille</a>, capital of the <a href="Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloon region</a> and an important commercial centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896301_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896301-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The garrison were allowed to withdraw after surrendering on 28 August; three days later, <a href="John_Gaspar_Ferdinand_de_Marchin%2C_Comte_de_Granville" title="John Gaspar Ferdinand de Marchin, Comte de Granville">de Marchin</a> and a Spanish relief force of 12,000 ran into a French cavalry detachment on the Bruges road. Ordered to cut off his retreat, <a href="Bernardin_Gigault_de_Bellefonds" title="Bernardin Gigault de Bellefonds">Bellefonds</a> and de Créquy inflicted nearly 2,000 casualties; in early 1668, Louis created both <a href="List_of_Marshals_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Marshals of France">Marshals of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896303_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896303-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 September, Turenne captured <a href="Aalst%2C_Belgium" title="Aalst, Belgium">Aalst</a> but although his troops suffered relatively few battle casualties, sickness was a far bigger problem; in early October, campaigning ended for the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896304_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896304-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations;_winter_1667/1668">Negotiations; winter 1667/1668</h3></div>

<p>On 31 July 1667, the <a href="Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)" title="Treaty of Breda (1667)">Treaty of Breda</a> ended the Anglo-Dutch War and negotiations began on a common front against France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyl1936311_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyl1936311-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was driven by the <a href="States_of_Zeeland" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Zeeland">States of Zeeland</a>, supported by <a href="Sir_William_Temple%2C_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet">Sir William Temple</a>, English ambassador in <a href="The_Hague" title="The Hague">the Hague</a> and <a href="Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, and Francois-Paul de Lisola, Leopold's representative in London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldieLevillain20185_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldieLevillain20185-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>De Witt summarised the Dutch dilemma as follows; 'to abandon Spain is to make France a present of the Netherlands, to take on her defence alone is folly.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973111_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973111-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he and Charles of England preferred France, the vast majority of their countrymen did not, which meant they had to satisfy domestic opinion by making Louis retreat, but remain friends. According to the French <a href="Simon_Arnauld%2C_Marquis_de_Pomponne" title="Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne">ambassador in Sweden</a>, Charles quickly recognised this was almost impossible, and focused on ensuring Louis blamed De Witt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowen19546_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowen19546-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>From April 1667 to June 1668, Franco-Dutch trade declined by 30%, due to the imposition of French tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973155_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973155-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with the prospect of France as a neighbour, this led to widespread support for an Anglo-Dutch alliance among <a href="Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Orangists</a>, the <a href="States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> and the general populace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowen19547_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowen19547-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, <a href="Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> and <a href="City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">business</a> wanted peace, while most preferred Spain for strategic and commercial reasons, including chief minister <a href="Henry_Bennet%2C_1st_Earl_of_Arlington" title="Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington">Lord Arlington</a>; an Anglo-Dutch alliance in support of Spain seemed the ideal solution. Finally, it allowed Charles of England to keep Parliament happy, while demonstrating Dutch unreliability and thus increasing the price Louis would pay for his support in the <a href="Secret_Treaty_of_Dover" title="Secret Treaty of Dover">1670 Treaty of Dover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton1986299–300_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1986299–300-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In September, De Witt promised to ensure Spain accepted French terms for ending the war, but Louis insisted he commit to enforcing them if needed. When Mariana refused, he persuaded the <a href="States_of_Holland_and_West_Friesland" title="States of Holland and West Friesland">States of Holland</a> to pass resolutions on 10 December and 14 January 1668, approving military action against Spain. This was strongly resisted by the other provinces, and the Orangist opposition in Holland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowen19544_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowen19544-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>When Philip died in 1665, Spain's only ally was Leopold; by 1668, their diplomats had built relationships with the Orangists, England, and traditional French supporters like Sweden and Brandenburg. In September 1667, <a href="Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI of Portugal</a> was deposed by his brother <a href="Peter_II_of_Portugal" title="Peter II of Portugal">Pedro</a>, who opened discussions on ending the Restoration war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201947_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201947-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1667 agreement with France was annulled and on 13 February 1668, Spain recognised Portuguese independence with the <a href="Treaty_of_Lisbon_(1668)" title="Treaty of Lisbon (1668)">Treaty of Lisbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewitt2004228_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewitt2004228-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To fund the 1668 campaign, Castelo Rodrigo agreed to a loan of 2 million guilders from the Amsterdam financial markets; as security, the Dutch would be allowed to occupy Bruges, Ostend and Damme. The prospect of peace with Portugal meant Mariana could reject these conditions; she sent Castelo Rodrigo <a href="Letter_of_credit" title="Letter of credit">letters of credit</a> for 600,000 escudos and one million bars of silver. This allowed him to begin recruiting, while Brandenburg agreed to supply 12,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201950–52_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201950–52-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 20 January, Louis and Leopold signed a Partition Treaty, agreeing to the division of the Spanish Empire if Charles of Spain died; this included the terms given to De Witt in September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenportPaullin1917144,_152_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenportPaullin1917144,_152-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Triple_Alliance_(1668)" title="Triple Alliance (1668)">Triple Alliance</a> was signed by England and the Dutch Republic on 23 January, the third member, <a href="Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a>, formally joining on 5 May, three days after Aix-la-Chapelle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenportPaullin1917166_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenportPaullin1917166-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contained a pact of mutual defence, an agreement to ensure Spain accepted French terms, and secret clauses, including military action against France if Louis reneged on this promise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowen19548–10_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowen19548–10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ruvigny, French ambassador in London, received a copy within days, allegedly from Arlington, which he passed onto Lionne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowen195412_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowen195412-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing ten years later, largely to justify the subsequent <a href="Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>, Louis claimed it was a calculated insult by the 'ungrateful Dutch nation', but his reaction at the time was far more moderate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonino198923_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonino198923-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French recognised the military clause was largely unenforceable; as Turenne observed, 'the Dutch have more ill-will than power, the English neither troops or money'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonino198926_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonino198926-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lionne also pointed out the Alliance's guarantee applied to both sides, obliging Spain to comply with French terms 'without it costing us a sou.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973156_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973156-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February_1668;_the_campaign_in_Franche-Comté">February 1668; the campaign in Franche-Comté</h3></div>

<div class="locmap noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.909%;left:72.122%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Besançon"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Besançon</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.047%;left:61.011%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dole"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Dole</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.044%;left:63.161%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gray"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Gray</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.225%;left:75.348%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vesoul"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Vesoul</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.502%;left:69.254%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Salins-les-Bains"></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Salins-les-Bains</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.5%;left:50.616%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dijon"></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Dijon</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.457%;left:10.832%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nevers"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Nevers</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.273%;left:58.502%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Auxonne"></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Auxonne</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Modern department of Bourgogne (left) and Franche-Comté (right); key locations 1668 campaign</div></div></div>

<p>Throughout his career, Louis sought to improve his position prior to negotiations; in September, he decided to occupy <a href="County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Franche-Comté</a>. It was almost impossible for Spain to defend, while its governor, the Marquis de Yenne, had fewer than 2,000 men to hold the entire province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896305_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896305-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French armies also benefitted from vastly superior logistics, allowing them to open campaigns before their opponents were ready. The invasion was planned for early February, normally considered impractical for troop movements, adding the factor of surprise to superior numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1996112_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1996112-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The operation was commanded by the <a href="Louis%2C_Grand_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis, Grand Condé">Prince de Condé</a>. Once France's leading general, he fought against Louis during the 1648 to 1653 <a href="Fronde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronde">Fronde</a>, then with Spain until 1659; this was his first command since returning from exile in 1660. Franche-Comté was considered part of <a href="Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, his family's traditional power base and his selection demonstrated royal control over an area with a long history as an independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwann200344_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwann200344-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To keep his opponents guessing, Louis announced plans to double the army to 134,000 and leaked details of a proposed 1668 campaign. Led by himself and Turenne, 66,000 men would complete the conquest of the Spanish Netherlands; a subsidiary force under <a href="Philippe_I%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe of Orléans</a> would attack <a href="Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, with Condé in the <a href="Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a> to deter an attack from Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonino198920–21_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonino198920–21-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This provided cover for assembling troops and supplies in <a href="Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>; by early February, Condé had 12,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry concentrated near <a href="Auxonne" title="Auxonne">Auxonne</a>. He divided the army into two columns, the other led by <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_de_Montmorency%2C_duc_de_Luxembourg" title="François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, and entered Franche-Comté on 4 February.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896305_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896305-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Free_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Free City of Besançon">Besançon</a> and <a href="Salins-les-Bains" title="Salins-les-Bains">Salins-les-Bains</a> surrendered on 7 February, after which Condé and Luxembourg moved onto <a href="Dole%2C_Jura" title="Dole, Jura">Dole</a>, where they were joined by Louis on 9 February. His presence resulted in a largely unnecessary assault, which cost the French between 400 and 500 casualties, their only significant losses of the campaign. Dole surrendered on 14 February, followed by the provincial capital of <a href="Gray%2C_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Gray, Haute-Saône">Gray</a> on 19th; Louis was back in <a href="Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain</a> on 24th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896306_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896306-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_1668;_Northern_Catalonia">May 1668; Northern Catalonia</h3></div>

<p>On the southern front, the Spanish took the initiative; the <a href="Gaspar_T%C3%A9llez-Gir%C3%B3n%2C_5th_Duke_de_Osuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar Téllez-Girón, 5th Duke de Osuna">Duke of Osuna</a>, <a href="Viceroy_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Catalonia">Viceroy of Catalonia</a>, invaded the <a href="Upper_Cerdanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Cerdanya">Upper Cerdanya</a> with 2,300 infantry and 200 cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspino_López19979_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspino_López19979-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weak French defences allowed him to capture 55 villages in the region, although irregular local <i><a href="Miquelets" class="mw-redirect" title="Miquelets">miquelets</a></i> combined with the French military in resisting the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspino_López1999266_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspino_López1999266-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish incursions continued until 1669, forcing the French to fortify the border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJané_Checa2003454_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJané_Checa2003454-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</h3></div>

<p>With the largest army in Europe, Turenne, Condé and Orléans argued for continuing the war. Lionne, Colbert and Le Tellier recommended peace, primarily on financial grounds; the 1660s was a period of significant economic decline, and war was expensive. France was unprepared for a naval war against the Dutch and English, and while Colbert had initiated policies aimed at reducing its dependence on Dutch shipping for transporting goods, this would take time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973153–154_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973153–154-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to those already contracted with Brandenburg, <a href="Charles_V%2C_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Charles V, Duke of Lorraine">Charles of Lorraine</a> offered Mariana another 8,000 men. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973163_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973163-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In February, seven year old Charles was reported to be suffering from <a href="Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, an often fatal disease; his death would give Louis a good chance of achieving his objectives without fighting. The combination decided him on peace; on 25 April, the Treaty of Saint Germain, between France, England and the Republic, finalised terms, which were then incorporated into the <a href="Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1668)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>, signed by Spain and France on 2 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesaffer_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesaffer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div>

<p>France withdrew from Franche-Comté and the Spanish Netherlands, with the exception of eleven towns and their surrounding areas. Lille, <a href="Armenti%C3%A8res" title="Armentières">Armentières</a>, <a href="Bergues" title="Bergues">Bergues</a> and <a href="Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a> were considered essential to reinforce France's vulnerable northern border and remain French to this day. The retention of Tournai, Oudenaarde, Kortrijk, <a href="Veurne" title="Veurne">Veurne</a>, <a href="Binche" title="Binche">Binche</a>, Charleroi and <a href="Ath" title="Ath">Ath</a> made future offensives much easier, as demonstrated in 1672.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973165_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973165-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>From a military perspective, France strengthened its northern border, and <a href="S%C3%A9bastien_Le_Prestre_de_Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban">Vauban</a> began work on the defence line that became known as the <i>Ceinture de fer</i>. Possession of towns like Charleroi and Tournai facilitated future campaigns through the control of vital routes into the Spanish Netherlands, but they were easily isolated and required expensive garrisons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonino198931_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonino198931-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The political results were mixed; in the Partition Treaty, Leopold recognised Louis' right to inherit part of the Spanish Empire, much to the anger of Spain. However, Louis' expansionist ambitions sparked discussions on an anti-French coalition, culminating in the formation of the <a href="Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)" title="Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)">1689 Grand Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2004220_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2004220-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The role of the Triple Alliance in the peace is debated by modern historians, including <a href="Herbert_H._Rowen" title="Herbert H. Rowen">Herbert Rowen</a>, "arguably the most important English-speaking historian of the Dutch Republic since <a href="John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarline1999_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarline1999-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its real significance was aligning English and Dutch objectives, despite the brief interruption in 1672 of the deeply unpopular <a href="Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a>; the Dutch viewed Aix-la-Chapelle as a diplomatic triumph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973163–167_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973163–167-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Concern over French ambitions also revived the Orangist party, increasing internal political conflict with De Witt's Republican faction. One result was the deliberate neglect of the Dutch army, generally seen as bolstering the power of the <a href="William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">Prince of Orange</a>; this had catastrophic repercussions in 1672.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyl1936312–316_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyl1936312–316-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis went to war in 1667 believing the Dutch would never voluntarily agree to the concessions he required in the Spanish Netherlands; he now decided the best way to achieve this was to first defeat the Republic, and began planning the <a href="Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1996109–110_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1996109–110-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Guerre de Dévolution</i>, <a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Devolutieoorlog</i></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201938-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201938_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2019">Mitchell 2019</a>, p. 38.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter200846-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter200846_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2008">Clodfelter 2008</a>, p. 46.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorrs20066–7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorrs20066–7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorrs2006">Storrs 2006</a>, pp. 6–7.</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1990197–199-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1990197–199_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1990">Israel 1990</a>, pp. 197–199.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowen19543-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowen19543_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowen1954">Rowen 1954</a>, p. 3.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896298-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896298_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Périni1896">De Périni 1896</a>, p. 298.</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh197333–34-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh197333–34_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacintosh1973">Macintosh 1973</a>, pp. 33–34.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh197395–96-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh197395–96_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacintosh1973">Macintosh 1973</a>, pp. 95–96.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooskens201669-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGooskens201669_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGooskens2016">Gooskens 2016</a>, p. 69.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSavelle196766–70-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSavelle196766–70_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherSavelle1967">Fisher & Savelle 1967</a>, pp. 66–70.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds199132–33-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds199132–33_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds1991">Childs 1991</a>, pp. 32–33.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands2010147-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlands2010147_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowlands2010">Rowlands 2010</a>, p. 147.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896299–300-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896299–300_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Périni1896">De Périni 1896</a>, pp. 299–300.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201934–36-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201934–36_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2019">Mitchell 2019</a>, pp. 34–36.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfflerbachStrachan2012159-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfflerbachStrachan2012159_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAfflerbachStrachan2012">Afflerbach & Strachan 2012</a>, p. 159.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896301-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896301_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896301_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Périni1896">De Périni 1896</a>, p. 301.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896303-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896303_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Périni1896">De Périni 1896</a>, p. 303.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896304-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896304_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Périni1896">De Périni 1896</a>, p. 304.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldieLevillain20185-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldieLevillain20185_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldieLevillain2018">Goldie & Levillain 2018</a>, p. 5.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973111-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973111_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacintosh1973">Macintosh 1973</a>, p. 111.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowen19546-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowen19546_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowen1954">Rowen 1954</a>, p. 6.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973155-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973155_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacintosh1973">Macintosh 1973</a>, pp. 155.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowen19547-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowen19547_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowen1954">Rowen 1954</a>, p. 7.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1986299–300-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton1986299–300_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton1986">Hutton 1986</a>, pp. 299–300.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowen19544-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowen19544_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowen1954">Rowen 1954</a>, p. 4.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201947-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201947_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2019">Mitchell 2019</a>, p. 47.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewitt2004228-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewitt2004228_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewitt2004">Newitt 2004</a>, p. 228.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201950–52-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201950–52_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2019">Mitchell 2019</a>, pp. 50–52.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenportPaullin1917144,_152-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenportPaullin1917144,_152_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavenportPaullin1917">Davenport & Paullin 1917</a>, pp. 144, 152.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenportPaullin1917166-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenportPaullin1917166_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavenportPaullin1917">Davenport & Paullin 1917</a>, p. 166.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowen19548–10-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowen19548–10_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowen1954">Rowen 1954</a>, pp. 8–10.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowen195412-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowen195412_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowen1954">Rowen 1954</a>, p. 12.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESonino198923-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonino198923_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSonino1989">Sonino 1989</a>, p. 23.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESonino198926-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonino198926_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSonino1989">Sonino 1989</a>, p. 26.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973156-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973156_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacintosh1973">Macintosh 1973</a>, p. 156.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896305-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896305_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896305_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Périni1896">De Périni 1896</a>, p. 305.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwann200344-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwann200344_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwann2003">Swann 2003</a>, p. 44.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESonino198920–21-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonino198920–21_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSonino1989">Sonino 1989</a>, pp. 20–21.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896306-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Périni1896306_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Périni1896">De Périni 1896</a>, p. 306.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspino_López19979-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspino_López19979_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspino_López1997">Espino López 1997</a>, p. 9.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspino_López1999266-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspino_López1999266_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspino_López1999">Espino López 1999</a>, p. 266.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJané_Checa2003454-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJané_Checa2003454_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJané_Checa2003">Jané Checa 2003</a>, p. 454.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973153–154-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973153–154_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacintosh1973">Macintosh 1973</a>, pp. 153–154.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973163-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973163_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacintosh1973">Macintosh 1973</a>, p. 163.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELesaffer-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesaffer_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLesaffer">Lesaffer</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973165-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973165_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacintosh1973">Macintosh 1973</a>, p. 165.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESonino198931-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonino198931_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSonino1989">Sonino 1989</a>, p. 31.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2004220-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2004220_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung2004">Young 2004</a>, p. 220.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarline1999-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarline1999_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarline1999">Harline 1999</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973163–167-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacintosh1973163–167_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacintosh1973">Macintosh 1973</a>, pp. 163–167.</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFAfflerbachStrachan2012" class="citation book cs1">Afflerbach, Holger; Strachan, Hew, eds. (2012). <i>How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-1996-9362-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChilds1991" class="citation book cs1">Childs, John (1991). <i>The Nine Years' War and the British Army, 1688–1697: The Operations in the Low Countries</i> (2013 ed.). Manchester University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7190-8996-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2008" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warfarearmedconf0000clod"><i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1494–2007</i></a></span>. McFarland & Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7864-3319-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDavenportPaullin1917" class="citation book cs1">Davenport, Frances Gardiner; Paullin, Charles Oscar, eds. (1917). <i>European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies, Vol. 2: 1650–1697</i> (2018 ed.). Forgotten Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-4831-5892-4</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDe_Périni1896" class="citation book cs1">De Périni, Hardÿ (1896). <i>Batailles françaises, 1660–1700, Volume IV</i>. Ernest Flammarion, Paris.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-Devolution">"War of Devolution"</a>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEspino_López1997" class="citation journal cs1">Espino López, Antonio (1997). "El servicio de armas aragonés durante el reinado de Carlos II: la defensa de Cataluña, 1665–1697". <i>Revista de historia Jerónimo Zurita</i>. <b>72</b>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEspino_López1999" class="citation book cs1">—— (1999). <i>es Cataluña durante el reinado de Carlos II : política y guerra en la frontera catalana, 1679–1697]</i>. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFisherSavelle1967" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Margaret Anne; Savelle, Max (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofamerica00save"><i>The origins of American diplomacy: the international history of Angloamerica, 1492–1763 American diplomatic history series Authors</i></a></span>. Macmillan.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGeyl1936" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Pieter_Geyl" title="Pieter Geyl">Geyl, P.</a> (March 1936). "Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, 1653–72". <i><a href="History_(journal)" title="History (journal)">History</a></i>. <b>20</b> (80): <span class="nowrap">303–</span>319. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1936.tb00103.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1936.tb00103.x</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24401084">24401084</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGoldieLevillain2018" class="citation journal cs1">Goldie, Mark; Levillain, Charles-Edouard (2018). "Francois-Paul de Lisola and English Opposition to Louis XIV". <i><a href="The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a></i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17863%2FCAM.35128">10.17863/CAM.35128</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGooskens2016" class="citation book cs1">Gooskens, Frans (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sjohistoriskasamfundet.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/forum-navale-74-frans-gooskens.pdf"><i>Sweden and the Treaty of Breda in 1667 – Swedish diplomats help to end naval warfare between the Dutch Republic and England</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. De Oranje-boom; Historical and Archeology Circle of the City and Country of Breda.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHarline1999" class="citation journal cs1">Harline, Craig (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/november-1999/in-memoriam-herbert-h-rowen">"Herbert H. Rowen (1916–99)"</a>. <i><a href="Perspectives_on_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on History">Perspectives on History</a></i>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHutton1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hutton, R (1986). "The Making of the Secret Treaty of Dover, 1668–1670". <i><a href="The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a></i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">297–</span>318. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00018756">10.1017/S0018246X00018756</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639064">2639064</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159787254">159787254</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1990" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (1990). <i>Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-1982-1139-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJané_Checa2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jané Checa, Óscar (2003). "El Rosellón tras el Tratado de los Pirineos: un caso de neoextranjería (1659–1700)". <i>Los extranjeros en la España moderna</i>. <b>2</b>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLesaffer" class="citation web cs1">Lesaffer, Randall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opil.ouplaw.com/page/Peace-Treaty-of-Aachen">"The Wars of Louis XIV in Treaties (Part II): The Peace Treaty of Aachen [Aix-la-Chapelle] (2 May 1668)"</a>. <i>OPIL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLynn1996" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, John (1996). <i>The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (Modern Wars in Perspective)</i>. Longman. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-5820-5629-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMacintosh1973" class="citation thesis cs1">Macintosh, Claude Truman (1973). <i>French Diplomacy during the War of Devolution, the Triple Alliance and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</i> (PhD thesis). Ohio State University.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2019" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Silvia Z. (2019). <i>Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain</i>. Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-2710-8339-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNewitt2004" class="citation book cs1">Newitt, Malyn (2004). <i>A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400–1668</i>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-1345-5304-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRowen1954" class="citation journal cs1">Rowen, Herbert H. (1954). "John de Witt and the Triple Alliance". <i><a href="The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a></i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F237659">10.1086/237659</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145695238">145695238</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRowlands2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rowlands, Guy (2010). "Foreign Service in the Age of Absolute Monarchy: Louis XIV and His 'Forces Étrangères". <i><a href="War_in_History" title="War in History">War in History</a></i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>165. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344509356833">10.1177/0968344509356833</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26069866">26069866</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144466040">144466040</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSonino1989" class="citation book cs1">Sonino, Paul (1989). <i>Louis XIV and the Origins of the Dutch War</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-5213-4590-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStorrs2006" class="citation book cs1">Storrs, Christopher (2006). <i>The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy 1665–1700</i>. Oxford University Press Oxford. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-1992-4637-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSwann2003" class="citation book cs1">Swann, Julian (2003). <i>Provincial Power and Absolute Monarchy</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-5218-2767-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWolf1962" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, John B. (1962). <i>Emergence of European Civilization</i>. Joanna Cotler Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-0604-7180-4</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWolf1968" class="citation book cs1">—— (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louisxiv0000wolf"><i>Louis XIV</i></a></span>. Norton & Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-5750-0088-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYoung2004" class="citation book cs1">Young, William (2004). <i>International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great</i>. iUniverse. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-5953-2992-2</bdi>.</cite>;</li></ul>

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